Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is susceptible to populist inclinations. It's still better than we had hoped for.
The country is looking for an entirely new model of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. There are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground.
Origins
During prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Then around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops such as millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They also established tribal states in succession in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced celadon papermaking, block printing art styles, and a written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established on the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens and sometimes even required them to join the army or build fortifications.
By the end of the period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas in its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and made the male-centered concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families, and had to be revered and obeyed by all, including their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth when it was pronounced. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and movable type were also refined. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be seen in the form of cist graves paved with stone, and decorated with precious items such as amazonite jewelry being buried alongside the dead. Megalithic structures known as dolmens, constructed from enormous single stones, are widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized during the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern part of the peninsula was occupied for a time by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not believe to be a true Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Baekje is the most powerful of these states, was weakened by the fall of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern territories in Manchuria and the the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo, and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a while.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese, eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis phase its development model appears to be changing. The people who are affronted by the huge cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, people who support the old system seek to preserve it through nationalist sentiments, as well as by inflating fears about potential job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to these two trends are driving Koreas development towards an entirely new model of economic governance. This article reviews developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution that include the illiberal democratic period (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies key factors that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their beliefs to this group. A survey from 2009 showed that almost one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory contradicted their religion and 17% said it was difficult to understand. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a similar number of people do not accept that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on the education of students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The inaugural event was widely reported in national newspapers, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also received wide attention.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, which published its activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. 에볼루션 바카라 무료체험 translated a number of slides and film strips from ICR and some books on the subject that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members taught throughout the country in churches and universities.
One example of one KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, there were enough students interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the funds and support to put up a small museum on campus showing creationist models of fossils and other exhibits.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has local branches that hold seminars and provide talks to school children and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the late 19th century and into the early the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts, as well as other fashion elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced with modern rock and roll and jazz. In the period of this transition, the famous samulnori or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drummers as well as other instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being developed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-based ones. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining systems that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje was a major regional power in the early 4th century expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies along the border.
The fall of Silla in the late 8th and early 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of the present-day Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.